GMAS US History EOC Practice Test

The big idea here is that these Reconstruction amendments created a constitutional framework to define who counts as a citizen and to protect their basic rights. The 13th Amendment ends slavery, removing the idea that formerly enslaved people could be treated as property and paving the way for a new national status. The 14th Amendment makes anyone born or naturalized in the United States a citizen and guarantees equal protection under the law, plus due process, so states can’t arbitrarily deny rights to freed people. The 15th Amendment prohibits denying the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, aiming to secure political participation for Black men. Together, they established the legal foundation for citizenship and civil rights for the newly freed, even though actual enforcement varied and faced strong resistance. Other options point to reforms that came later or address different issues, not the citizenship and rights of freed people during Reconstruction.